We know that there are two aspects, or two parts of human evolution, biological evolution and cultural evolution. You and Boyd have done significant work on articulate this and on developing the models for the study of the interaction between the two kinds of evolution.

What is most interested to me is the relative significance between biological and cultural evolution. That is, if cultural evolution is fast enough, is it going to overwhelm biological evolution? We can run computer simulation to answer this question.

The mathematical model and simulation of cultural evolution won’t be too hard if we correctly understand the psychological basis of cultural evolution. With this in mind, my section concern is how to use psychological knowledge to explain or analyze human behavior or choices as the individual player in the process of cultural evolution.

Some human psychological characters are environmental determined. Today’s psychology should have a whole bunch of theories for us to employ. I have audited some introductory psychology, social psychology and evolutionary psychology classes. Right now, I an taking a online course of cognitive psychology. In the future, I plan to take more psychology courses.

Many psychological charters could also be genetically determined, or at least partially so. Here is one place where biological evolution is involved. The simulation of biological evolution is not new. The difficult part will be the genetics of human psychology. I know that evolutionary psychologist have some very general theories about this, but I am not sure if there are well developed theories on the genetics of specific psychological tendencies.

So far, I have been talking about explaining cultural evolution with psychology in which biological evolution could play an important role. On the other hand, the influence of cultural evolution on biological evolution is strait-forward and should be easier to model.

　　鲁迅反感朱安，有充分的理由。１９０６年，接到“母病速回”的电报，鲁迅匆匆
赶到家里，却一片张灯结彩，惊愕之余很快就明白了。他没有反对，甚至家里人给他戴
假辫子，也没有表示出特别的不快。他知道这个时候，一切反对都已于事无补。而朱安
，一个过于平凡的绍兴女人，矮小，瘦弱，狭长脸，突出的额，小脚，不但毫不漂亮，
连一般年轻女人的活力都几乎没有一点。虽然鲁迅不至于以貌取人，但我想当他看见母
亲给了他这样一个“礼物”时，总不免寒心。如果朱安漂亮一点，哪怕就是像胡适原配
江冬秀那样，对鲁迅可能也是个安慰。但事实就是这么残酷。当朋友向鲁迅打听成婚的
事，他自嘲地说：“是母亲娶媳妇，没有我的事。”婚后第二天晚上，他在母亲房里磨
蹭，不想回去睡觉，后来干脆躺在书房里。婚后第五天，就借口“不能荒废学业”，带
着二弟周作人去日本了。

　　上帝的居心，有时真让人怀疑。像鲁迅这么一个走在时代最前列的反封建闯将，怎
么偏偏会碰上朱安这么一个最守旧、最庸常的女人？鲁迅也曾想和她沟通，有一次跟她
说日本有一种甜点，很好吃，朱安马上说，是的是的，我也吃过的。她可能太自卑了，
急着要讨好这位“大先生”，反令鲁迅不快。那种甜点，不但绍兴没有，整个中国都没
有的。鲁老太太还知道点外面的事，能看看新书报，她是一点也看不懂。当鲁迅的学生
，尤其是女学生来了，小鸟一样在院子里喳喳叫，她一句话也插不上，只能静静地呆在
自己房里。她的心里，真能像外表那么平静吗？

　　“五•四”之后，风气渐开，郁达夫、郭沫若等与鲁迅一样饱受旧式婚姻折
磨的作家，大多挣脱了束缚，开始了新生活。也有人劝鲁迅离婚。鲁迅肯定早就彻夜不
眠地考虑过，但还是难以跨出这一步。鲁迅年龄比郁达夫、郭沫若大很多，受传统影响
更深，不能像郁达夫、郭沫若那样放得开，估计是一个原因。但他主要顾虑的却还是朱
安。按绍兴习俗，一个嫁出去的女人被退回娘家，就会被认为是被“休”了，家人的歧
视、舆论的谴责将使她处于极难堪的境地，她家庭的社会地位也将一落千丈。有些性格
软弱的女人竟会因此而自杀。鲁迅显然是不忍把朱安推到这样一个境地的。在《随感录
四十》中鲁迅谈到自己这一代人的婚姻：“在女性一方面，本来也没有罪，现在是做了
旧习惯的牺牲。我们既然自觉着人类的道德……又不能责备异性，于是只好陪着做一世
的牺牲，完结了四千年的旧账。”这正是鲁迅伟大的地方。什么是伟大？能为别人担当
起痛苦就是伟大。郁达夫、郭沫若都是浪漫、潇洒的，他们的选择在当时情境下也无可
指责，但显然与伟大无关。

　　而“陪着做一世的牺牲”的，不仅是鲁迅，还有朱安。朱安这个女子，嫁给鲁迅实
在是天大的不幸。她如果嫁一个普通的男子甚至就是村夫莽汉，可能也比嫁给鲁迅幸福
。贫贱平凡的夫妻总还是夫妻，朱安与鲁迅却实在算不上夫妻。她曾向人诉苦道：“老
太太嫌我没有儿子，大先生终年不同我说话，怎么会生儿子呢？”一个妇人对外人说出
这样的话，内心的凄楚可以想见。她日常生活的中心就是侍候鲁迅的母亲，也真应了鲁
迅当年的话：“是母亲娶媳妇。”与鲁迅相比，朱安更加不幸。鲁迅忍受了漫长的煎熬
，最终还是等到了他的“月亮”——许广平；而朱安，却真的“做一世的牺牲”，陪伴
她的，只有年迈的鲁老太太，迟迟的日光，夜夜的空房……

　　过着几乎与世隔绝一般生活的朱安，却也并非真的心如枯井。她其实一直在想着改
善与鲁迅的关系，只是与鲁迅在人格、思想各方面差距实在太大，根本不得要领，渐渐
也就没有了机会。鲁迅和许广平在上海同居并生下海婴，对她是一个很大的打击。房东
的妹妹俞芳问她以后怎么办，她凄凉地说：“过去大先生和我不好，我想好好地服侍他
，一切顺着他，将来总会好的——我好比是一只蜗牛，从墙底一点一点往上爬，爬得虽
慢，总有一天会爬到墙顶的。可是现在我没有办法了，我没有力气爬了。我待他再好，
也是无用。”读了这朴实而悲惨的言辞，我不禁泪下。

一只蜗牛！我怜悯朱安一生悲苦的命运，更惊异于她对自己处境的准确体认——每一个
生命都有它对世界的感悟啊。哪一个文学家，就是鲁迅，也没想到过用这么一个比喻来
形容朱安吧？朱安一生的苦难，只有自己知道，这个比喻，也只有她能想像得到。她没
有文化，但她深知，她就是一只永远也爬不到墙顶的蜗牛。朱安因这个比喻而定格。如
果把封建礼教比作一口深井，鲁迅和朱安都被困在井底，一点一点往上爬，鲁迅历尽千
辛万苦，总算爬上来了，虽然遍体鳞伤；而朱安，永远没有爬到头！

　　我止不住想，像朱安这样一个生命的诞生，究竟有什么意义呢？上帝为什么要安排
这么一出荒诞得令人泪下的悲剧呢？我有一个看上去有点过于大胆的想法：我认为鲁迅
生命中的两个女人，朱安与许广平，若论谁对鲁迅的影响更大，不是许广平，而是朱安
。正是朱安，使鲁迅深味了封建礼教对人性的压抑和命运的荒诞，断了他的后路，刺激
他与传统彻底决裂，一往无前、义无反顾地反抗封建礼教，与命运进行“绝望的抗争”
。一个伟人的诞生，往往出于迫不得已。鲁迅文风的阴冷、偏激、滞涩，也与朱安这个
背景有关。从这个意义上说，朱安成就了鲁迅。两个反差极大的生命体被捆绑到一起，
激起巨大的思想和情感波澜，不谐和处被极端放大，化作鲁迅沉郁的文字和骇人的意象
，惊现于世人面前。如果鲁迅一开始就为妩媚的“月亮”所笼罩，现代文学史恐怕就要
改写了。

　　这，就是朱安的价值。当许广平来到鲁迅身边，鲁迅已经成熟，她看到的，是一个
结果。

　　因此我又想，上帝也许是对的。在他看似荒谬可憎的组合中，包含着深刻的必然。
朱安，也许是上帝特意安排到鲁迅身边的。这只小小的在后院寂寞爬行的蜗牛，维系了
鲁迅一生的沉重。

　　鲁迅死时，朱安在北京的宅院里设立灵堂，一身孝服为鲁迅守灵。朱安死的时候，
身边没有一人。在遗嘱中，朱安说：“灵柩回南，葬在大先生之旁。”

　　这个愿望显然是无法实现的。她被葬在北京西直门外保福寺村，仍然陪伴她侍候了
一生的鲁老太太。

]]> http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/12/31/%e7%9a%ae%e4%b9%8b%e4%b8%8d%e5%ad%98%ef%bc%8c-%e6%af%9b%e5%b0%86%e7%84%89%e9%99%84/feed/ 0 egosnous http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/stupid-little/ http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/stupid-little/#comments Thu, 17 Dec 2009 16:21:22 +0000 egosnous http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/stupid-little ]]> I am strong. It seems like I am stronger than many others because I have been not in big trouble for a long time with those huge stresses. But how long can I hold before something happen to me. My situation is getting better, but if the one gives me a beat at this time, I don’t know if I can get it through. stupid little kid.
]]> http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/stupid-little/feed/ 0 egosnous http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/i-dont-know-if-this-is-true/ http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/i-dont-know-if-this-is-true/#comments Mon, 23 Nov 2009 22:16:25 +0000 egosnous http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/i-dont-know-if-this-is-true ]]> 如果你不是经常遇到挫折，这表明你做的事情没有很大的创新性-伍迪.艾伦
]]> http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/i-dont-know-if-this-is-true/feed/ 1 egosnous http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/i-feel-like-helpless/ http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/i-feel-like-helpless/#comments Sat, 14 Nov 2009 06:36:42 +0000 egosnous http://qqgong.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/i-feel-like-helpless ]]>

 Bronson (prisoner)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charles "Charlie" Bronson (born Michael Gordon Peterson, 6 December 1952) is an Anglo-Welsh criminal often referred to in the British press as the "most violent prisoner in Britain".^[1]

[edit] Early life

Bronson was born Michael Gordon Peterson at 59 Long Croft Road, Luton, England. His parents, Eira and Joe Peterson, would later run the Conservative club in Aberystwyth, and his uncle and aunt were mayor
and mayoress of the town in the 1960s and 1970s. His aunt, Eileen
Parry, is quoted as saying "As a boy he was a lovely lad. He was
obviously bright and always good with children. He was gentle and
mild-mannered, never a bully – he would defend the weak."^[2]

When he was a teenager, Bronson moved with his family to Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, where he started getting into trouble. Bronson later returned to Luton, which is often referred to as his home town, where he earned a living as a circus strongman. He was married in December 1970 to Irene, with whom he had a son, Michael.

[edit] Boxing career and name change

Prior to being imprisoned, Bronson had a short-lived career in bareknuckle boxing in the East End of London, during which time he became an associate of Lenny McLean.
It is stated on his website that, contrary to press reports, his name
was changed by his fight promoter in 1987, thirteen years after his
initial imprisonment and that his choice was not made in relation to
the actor, Charles Bronson.^[3] However, it has often been suggested^{[by whom?]} Bronson changed his name by deed poll to be more in line with a "tough guy" image

[edit] Life in prison

Bronson was imprisoned for seven years in 1974, aged 22, for a bungled armed robbery at a Post Office in Little Sutton, a suburb of Ellesmere Port, during which he stole just £26.18.^[4] His sentence has been repeatedly extended for crimes committed within prison, which include wounding with intent, wounding, criminal damage, grievous bodily harm, false imprisonment, blackmail and threatening to kill.

Bronson has served all but four of his years in prison in solitary confinement due to a number of hostage
situations, rooftop protests, and repeated attacks on prison staff and
on other inmates. His dangerous behaviour has meant that he has spent
time in over 120 different prisons, including all three special
hospitals: Broadmoor Hospital, Rampton Secure Hospital, and Ashworth Hospital.

Bronson also attempted to murder another patient, a paedophile, while in Rampton Secure Hospital.
He claimed that his wishes were to kill his victim, in order to return
to prison for life and escape the asylums. Instead, Bronson was then
moved to Broadmoor Hospital.

In 2000, Bronson received a discretionary life sentence with a three year tariff for a hostage-taking incident (see below). His appeal against this sentence was denied in 2004.^[5]

Bronson has spent a total of just four months and nine days out of
custody since 1974. He was released on 30 October 1988 and spent 69
days as a free man before being arrested for robbery, and then released
again on 9 November 1992, spending 53 days as a free man before being
arrested again, this time for conspiracy to rob.^[2]

In 1999 a special prison unit was set up for Bronson and two other violent prisoners from Woodhill, to reduce the risk they posed to staff and other prisoners.^[6]

Bronson remained a "Category A" prisoner when he was moved to Wakefield High-Security Prison.^[7]
He was due for a parole hearing in September 2008, but this was
postponed when his lawyer objected to a one-hour parole interview,
requesting a full day to deal with Bronson’s case.^[8] The parole hearing took place on 11 March 2009^[9] and parole was refused shortly afterwards. The Parole Board said that Mr Bronson had not proved he was a reformed character.^[10]

[edit] Hostage incidents

Bronson has been involved in over a dozen hostage incidents, some of which are described below:

• Bronson took hostages and staged a 47-hour rooftop protest at Broadmoor in 1983, causing £750,000 of damage.^[11]
• In 1994, whilst holding a guard hostage at Woodhill Prison, Milton Keynes, he demanded an inflatable doll, a helicopter and a cup of tea as ransom. Two months later, he held deputy governor Adrian Wallace hostage for five hours at Hull prison, injuring him so badly he was off work for five weeks.^[2]
• In 1998, Bronson took two Iraqi hijackers and another inmate hostage at Belmarsh prison in London.
  He insisted his hostages address him as "General" and told negotiators
  he would eat one of his victims quickly unless his demands were met. At
  one stage, Bronson demanded one of the Iraqis hit him "very hard" over
  the head with a metal tray. When the hostage refused, Bronson slashed
  his own shoulder six times with a razor blade. He later told staff:
  "I’m going to start snapping necks – I’m the number-one hostage taker."
  He demanded a plane to take him to Cuba, two Uzi sub-machine guns, 5,000 rounds of ammunition, and a cup of beans. In court, he said he was "as guilty as Adolf Hitler".
  He said: "I was on a mission of madness, but now I’m on a mission of
  peace and all I want to do now is go home and have a pint with my son."
  Another seven years were added to his sentence.^[2]
• In 1999 he took Phil Danielson, a civilian education officer
  hostage at Hull prison. He can be seen in CCTV footage singing the song
  "Yellow Submarine",
  walking around with a makeshift spear having caused havoc to the prison
  and caused the wing to be locked up for over 40 hours footage of which which can be seen here
• In 2007, two members of prison staff at Full Sutton high security prison in the East Riding of Yorkshire
  were involved in a "control and restraint incident", in an attempt to
  prevent another hostage situation, during which Bronson (who now needs spectacles) had his glasses broken. Bronson received £200 compensation for his broken glasses,^[7] which he claimed were made of "pre-war gold" and given to him by Lord Longford.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Second marriage and second name change

In 2001, Bronson married again, this time in Milton Keynes to Fatema Saira Rehman, a Bangladeshi-born divorcee^[12] who had seen his picture in a newspaper and began writing to him. Rehman had visited Bronson ten times prior to their wedding.^[13][14]

For a short time, Bronson converted to Islam (Rehman is Muslim)
and wished to be known as Charles Ali Ahmed. However, he and Rehman
have since divorced. Rehman has since written two books regarding her
short marriage to Bronson, portraying him in a negative light. Bronson
responded by claiming that she is an attention-seeker and that she
would be nobody if it were not for her connection to him.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Occupations and projects

Whilst in prison, Bronson has developed an extreme fitness regime and claims to do 2500 press-ups a day.^{[citation needed]} In 2002, he published a book Solitary Fitness (ISBN 1-902578-12-0), detailing an individual training process with minimal resources and space.

For the past ten years, Bronson has occupied himself by writing
poetry and producing pieces of art; he has had eleven books published,
including in 2008 his only self-penned book ‘Loonyology: In My Own
Words’.^{[citation needed]} He has won 11 Koestler Trust Awards for his poetry and art.^{[citation needed][15]}

[edit] Film of Bronson’s life

Bronson, which loosely follows Bronson’s life, produced by Vertigo Films, was released in Britain on 13 March 2009. It stars Tom Hardy in the title role, and is directed by Nicolas Winding Refn.^[16]
There was some controversy caused at the première, when a recording of
Bronson’s voice was played with no prior permission granted by officers
at HM Prison Service, who called for an inquiry into how the recording
had been made.^[17]
Large parts of the film depict events that never happened; in
particular the sequence where Bronson is released ‘for being sane’
during the 1980s, goes to live in a brothel, starts a bare-knuckle
boxing career and gets his ‘new’ name, then proposes to a girl before
being sent back to prison for attempting to steal an engagement ring.